Equity History Essay

Equity was used to refer to the laws that were followed in the English judicial system which supplemented the strict rules that were used on top of the already existing common laws to pass judgments. The conflicts between law and equity can be traced back to the time when England was ruled by kings. At the start of the 14th century, the courts of law in England could only pass sentences to certain cases and disregarded others that according to the system ‘were not suitable’. On top of this, law officials changed the court procedures of listening to claims. Since the legal claims were based on set restrictions, it made the judicial process unfair to the individuals who were denied justice. Remedies however, could be got when petitions were drafted for the king to consider with the hope that he would have mercy on them. The Court of Chancery The Court of Chancery was one court in England and Wales that followed the Equity system. It was formed under the Lord Chancellors jurisdiction who administered cases on behalf of the King; therefore, he served as the judge. During this period, the rules of equity had become more acceptable in solving cases and that is why they were incorporated in the Court of Chancery. In these courts, decisions were made following stare decisis and since they were based on equity, they did not rely on the law doctrines. These courts however, were not trusted with most people to pass correct rulings because of its inconsistency. The courts concentrated on what the defendants had done and what they were supposed to do so as to be right with the law other than what the plaintiff might have wanted. Therefore it was upon the courts to pass the decision that would make the defendant put matters right. Equity therefore, lightened the strict laws. The jurisdiction of the courts of equity is different from law courts because the methods used to distinguish from what is right and what is wrong are differentiated into two such that what is used in the Courts of Law are legal and were enforced using the common laws while those in the Equity based courts were equitable. The Courts of Equity are based on mercy and justice therefore have helped the poor people to fight for their rights especially in certain suits where they are unable to file suits such that a counsel will be assigned to them by the courts and they can get certain favors such as they are exempted from paying ordinary fees. Differences in Common Law and Equity The difference between the common law and equity ranges from the way they deal with solutions and alternatives used in solving legal matters. In Equity, there is no jury as it is the duty of the judge to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty. Another distinction between law and equity is that there are differences in the rules are used to pass decisions. In law, decisions made will be based upon the documented legal guidelines while in equity, general guidelines are followed that will ensure that the sentence passed is fair and just. Equity therefore has no fixed rules as sentences can be passed by using doctrines that were used in prior similar cases. But as time progressed, the equity laws changed rapidly to become more rigid hence becoming a system that was used in the English courts.

Kohlberg`s Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Reasoning

Lawrence Kohlberg, a professor of psychology in the University of Chicago, has created his own theory of moral development. The theory is based on children’s reasoning, when facing moral dilemmas, however, Kohlberg went far beyond that and created a common theory for all ages. Under his theory moral thinking passes through six separate stages, which are broken into three levels. This paper aims to provide a review of stages and levels proposed by Kohlberg.  The first level is PRE-CONVENTIONAL. This level is more characteristic for children, although it is sometimes passed by adults too. At this level an individual considers exclusively direct consequences of an action for himself. Reasoning at this level is purely egoistic and consists of two stages:Stage 1 An individual concentrates only on direct consequences for himself and the main moral deterrence is fear of punishment. Moral futility of an action is estimated by punishment. The more severe is the punishment, the worse an action is[1].Stage 2 is characterized by limited interest to the needs of others. However, this interest is of egocentric. A person is interested in getting something for himself for his/her moral behavior[2].  The second level is CONVENTIONAL. This stage is typical for most adults. At this level individuals compare the morality of their actions to social norms and expectations. This level includes the third and fourth stage of moral reasoning.Stage 3 is related to social roles. People act so, as their relatives, friends and members of their group act to receive their praise. Actions are evaluated in terms of personal relationships and social stereotypes. The main deterrence is fear of authority and fear of social condemnation[3].Stage 4 is similar to stage 3, however it is extended as actions are evaluated in terms of laws and social conventions. Individual needs are overcome at this stage and laws are attributed own value. A distinction between right and wrong in this stage i s created by culpability of an action.  The third level is POST-CONVENTIONAL is also called â€Å"principled level†. Actions are evaluated by an individual before they are evaluated by society. A person becomes morally â€Å"autonomous†[4]. The level includes stages 5 and 6.Stage 5 At this stage an individual comes to understanding, that people hold different views and opinions. Laws are understood not only as rules, but as useful social contracts. Those, who act against common good are considered to be morally bad and those have to be changed. The aim of morals is understood as â€Å"as much good for as many people as possible†, which is achieved by decision of the majority.Stage 6 is characterized by abstract reasoning and universality of ethical principles. An individual comes to understanding that any laws may be justified only to the extent they correspond those universal principles[5]. The social consensus is reached after â€Å"seeing the situation fro m another man’s eyes†. It is firstly necessary to get full understanding of all moral positions on the matter and after that a consensus between those positions should be reached. This action is validated by consent of every person, not only the majority.References1. Shaffer, David R. (2004). Social and Personality Development, 5th Ed, Wadsworth Publishing2. Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). â€Å"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach†, Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Rinehart and Winston3. Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of Harvard University Press4. Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). â€Å"The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment†. Journal of Philosophy 70[1] Shaffer, David R. (2004). Social and Personality Development, 5th Ed, Wadsworth Publishing, p.- 43                         [2] Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). à ¢â‚¬Å"The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment†. Journal of Philosophy 70: 630-646 [3] Supra note                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              [4] Kohlberg, Lawrence; T. Lickona, ed. (1976). â€Å"Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach†, Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues. Rinehart and Winston p.-188    [5] Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belkap Press of Harvard University Press, p.-201

Management 380 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management 380 - Essay Example can founders and that considers itself a direct or an indirect part of America by identifying that ‘there is no difference between New York and Chennai since one can do the same work in both the cities’. In fact, they chose this country to make the people react like their partial slaves (training and recruiting programs) through the covert colonialism compared to the overt colonialism of Britishers. This manipulation and exploitation of Indian workers for personal gains and benefits (in the name of competitiveness and free market system) can’t be explained, justified and supported because it’s against the ethics principles of business. Secondly, Office Tigers have also been involved in taking the jobs away from American workers because their Outsourcing business and its marketing to other businesses of providing the work at cheaper rates compelled the American organizations to cut down their labour force that later resulted in mammoth job losses in America. So, it was also against the greater well-being of US workers and economy. Thirdly, the management says that managers must take care of societal values, standards and norms but Office Tigers adopted an open door policy in India by disregarding the traditional cast system and did not place any restrictions on employment of low caste workers. Theoretically, they violated the societal norm that says that an Upper Caste Hindu can not work with one from a lower caste but surprisingly this didn’t go against the firm’s long-run objectives. Chennai is the fourth largest city of India, an underdeveloped economy, where a great number of people are still deprived of basic living/health and quality (plus cheap) educational facilities (universities and higher education institutions) compared to United States, which is a developed economy, an industrialized nation and an economic super power where people have access to all basic necessities and they are not deprived of education. This difference among Indians and

Bartleby the scrivener Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bartleby the scrivener - Essay Example Melvilles 1853 story employs food and nourishment as visual imagery to portray the ability to relate to others that we have learned as children from our own nurturing parents. The tale revolves around a sad and out of place scribe that comes to work for the narrator. Bartleby, the scribe, begins with much industry, but soon takes to idleness as he prefers to do less and less as the story progresses. The narrator, who owns the law firm and is Bartlebys employer, is taken aback and frustrated by any attempt to get Bartleby to fulfil his obligations as a scribe. The other three characters in the owners employ are far more critical of Bartlebys preference not to work than the compassionate owner is. The narrator, refusing to cause Bartleby undue legal problems, eventually evacuates his office and leaves the odd scrivener behind. Melville has aptly named two of the office scribes after food. Turkey is an older gentleman given to drink at lunch and becoming excitable and moody in the afternoon. Ginger Nut is the young apprentice who was placed in the owners hire at the age of twelve when his father died. The third scribe, Nippers, was a young man "... whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man ... the victim of two evil powers--ambition and indigestion". Melville describes the temperament of each character through the study of their eating habits or lack of them. Bartleby did not eat except for the occasional ginger-nut cookie delivered by Ginger Nut. Likewise he had no contact with anyone and no relationships outside the office. In the office his interaction with the characters is sparse and passively resistant. He denies himself food just like he foregoes any human contact. Melville does not allow us to know anything about Bartleby, or his past, as he states, "I observed that he never went to dinner". We are told that he may not have any human traits at all as the narrator continues, "... never eats a dinner, properly

The implications of the deviations of the purchasing power Essay

The implications of the deviations of the purchasing power - Essay Example The deviation from PPP will also result in the variation of operating margins significantly. This will in turn affect the competitiveness of the multi-national companies. The main reason for the failure of Law of One Price is the presence of transaction cost. When the deviation of the exchange rate from PPP raises, arbitrage forces will later on become more strong. For a company who deals with differentiated goods, by grouping under one category, the PPP will deviate and this will result in increase in arbitrage forces.Question 2: You are hired by a South African firm with all local costs that has recently entered the export market. The firm prices their contracts in US$, as this is necessary to gain market share. They now realize that with 25% of sales as exports, they face a reasonably sized exchange rate exposure and are not sure whether they should hedge it or not. Knowing that you have training in international financial management, they ask you for advice. Provide a summary of your response on the types of foreign exchange risk this company faces and whether the firm should hedge the exposure. The Company Faces Transaction Risk and Economic Risk:â€Å"Transaction risk, which is basically cash ï ¬â€šow risk, deals with the effect of exchange rate moves on transactional account exposure related to receivables (export contracts), payables (import contracts), or repatriation of dividends. An exchange rate change in the currency of denomination of any such contract will result in a direct transaction exchange rate risk to the ï ¬ rm†.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Marketing - Essay Example The NMC, ROI and ROS need to be seen from the tactical and strategic perspectives before one thinks of adopting any of these three or a combination of all of them for the sake of the business. b) Evaluate the employment of profit-oriented marketing objectives in general from a moral-ethical perspective. From a moral-ethical perspective, the profit-oriented marketing objectives must always be aligned in such a way that the people do not suffer due to the same count. This is because the profit-oriented marketing tactics are always aimed at benefiting more and more from the organizational stance. The moral-ethical perspective is such that it is on the opposite side all the same where it focuses more on the people and the society at large rather than mincing any profits or benefits in the long run scheme of things (Wood, 2011). The moral-ethical perspective is such that it will always bank on delivering sound results, however in keeping with the debates of morality more than profit-makin g at the end of the day.

Maintenance and Plumbing Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maintenance and Plumbing Services - Essay Example This research will begin with the strength of the business. Maintenance and plumbing services offered by the business is enjoying various merits or strengths. The use of social platforms such as Facebook and Twitter is one of the ways that will envision the mission of the business to another level in the market. The target will be enlarged via marketing through social media; however, in order to meet the full potentials of the business, the management will consider using brand promotion. The business will adopt an artistic approach such as using famous artists to advertise a product via social media.   The business is using powerful digital resources to get a grip on the target market as compared to the competitors. This is considered as an added advantage to the business. Despite the fact that the business is using this approach to meet its goals and objectives, it should consider other clients with limited digital access. Thus, the business will also consider bringing other marke ting strategies such as the use of hard digital materials as the use of bronchus. In addition, the business will also use billboard and posters to meet the potential clients who have infinite digital distance. Enjoying weaknesses of the competitors places Mp services an upper hand in the business. For example, its competitors are not embracing the use of digital marketing and online plans to meet their target market.

Marketing Management Class Discussion wk1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Management Class Discussion wk1 - Essay Example Branding is vital for mineral water, as one may copy products and a place on quality. The main distinct factor that may distinguish the mineral water from other brands. Specialists in marketing urge that any given product (Douglas, 2010) For instance, water can get branded viably. The wellspring of the water gives us a decent establishment to differentiation if youre going to take advantage of the brand society; you begin with the peculiarity of the source The main proposition within branding the product is to make sure is recognized and identified easily within the market. This will ensure there is a mass loyalty in reference to quality and trust of the customers. It is vital to portray positive reaction of the product within the target market and the buyer.The item, product and, a physical item offered to the market is bottled mineral water. In regards to physical items, it likewise alludes to any product or service that is a piece of the advertising. Item choices incorporate viewpoints, for example, appearance, bundling, administration, guarantee, and so forth (Douglas, 2010) the pricing of the product and the estimations should be affordable to the target buyers. Valuing incorporates the rundown cost, as well as rebates, financing, and different alternatives, for example, renting. The place where the mineral water will be sold includes to wholesalers and retailers in the. Spot (or position) choices are those connected with channels of distribution that serve as the methods for getting the mineral water the water to the target clients. In conclusion, for the mineral water to be used within the entire market, the manager should deploy great marketing concepts, starting from communication, production, advertising, distribution, and brand positioning and customer retention. The manager should also apply the marketing mix to ensure the mineral water penetrates the market. Furthermore, the information about competitors and how to deal

Prompt 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prompt 4 - Coursework Example The movement has been enhanced by the requirement in the US that every employee who has more than 50 employees should seek health insurance cover for his/her employees. It is estimated that half Americans that is an approximate 170 million people are covered by employer-sponsored health insurance which was as per thee census data taken. The Obama administration is not willing to make any delay on the implementation of the Obamacare’s employer mandate where it has established that all firms should cover their employees offer health coverage or pay fines until 2015.Connectively, having prepared the rolling out of the private health insurance, ObamaCare, and the overall federal state economy. According to researchers, the delay of the mandate will have more people to enroll in the Obamacare’s subsidized insurance exchanges due to shared responsibility payments (Getzen, 2010). Additionally, if the rolling out is delayed the drive may raise the cost of labor, therefore, increasing unemployment. The employers are willing to be spared the mandate for one more year. Politically the democratic are not willing to have the promise they made to the citizen be not fulfilled before their time on office comes to end. Additionally it is also argued that health that the US health- care system is mostly the tax codes that have people covered through their employers instead of shopping for their own cover. Nevertheless economist has stressed that it is better for a collective buy which could be easy done by the employer that individuals since it is much cheaper and easy to manage through their salaries. The plan estimates that about 96 of employers will be subjected to the responsibility of covering their employees (Getzen, 2010). Since enough time has been allowed for the companies to consider simpler ways that they are expected to do their reporting as

Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Issues - Essay Example Society of Professional Journalists 2). With each of these, there are more particular codes that need to be followed by journalists. Thus, violations of ethics and guidelines led to various ethical issues that journalism profession is facing today. This paper aims to discuss two ethical issues in journalism, which include bribery and extortion. Bribery and Extortion According to the Center for International Media and Assistance (CIMA), bribery and extortion are considered as the most crucial issue in journalism (Nyaira 300). Bribery means the act of accepting or offering some benefits either cash or kind to a certain employee or public servant. In journalism, it is called envelopmental journalism or accepting bribes in exchange for favorable media coverage. On the other hand, extortion is related to bribery, but the only difference is that extortion is the act of obtaining something like money by force or blackmail (Shava 4). Examples of Bribery An editor of a famous newspaper public ation accepted money from a government official who committed corruption. The money serves a bribe instead of exposing the official’s wrongdoing; the editor wrote some accomplishments and projects done by the official to cover corruption issue. In this case the editor is not fair, honest, and accurate. Most of all, the editor did not act independently, which is a violation of ethics. ... Examples of Extortion According to a report, Zimbabwe journalists already disregard ethics since their government already controls what news to write and how to write them. They are forced to do so since their lives are threatened. Politicians only speak to those media outlets they support (Shava). As a consequence, journalists no longer comply with principles of accuracy, fairness, and honesty in writing news stories since they are writing articles based on what is being instructed. Conclusion Ethics is very important in every profession. Journalism as one of the noble careers also has set of ethical principles which need to followed. However, not all journalists sincerely follow the principles of accuracy, fairness, and honesty as it affected by several reasons. Bribery and extortion have become the most crucial ethical issues in journalism. Journalists voluntarily accept bribes in exchange for favorable media, which is called bribery and others like in Zimbabwe, are forced to do s o since they are threatened by politicians. Ethical Issues in Advertising Advertising refers â€Å"to any paid form of personal or non-personal presentation of promotional ideas, products or services by the use of media like TV, radio, magazines, newspapers etc by an identified person† (Kaptan 8). According to Yeshin, advertising is essential because it helps the people to select a particular product. Since it has a great impact on consumer behaviour, advertising like other fields also has a set of ethical standards, which need to be followed. Businesses need to be honest, fair, and straightforward in advertising products or services (American Advertising Federation 4). Violations of these will lead people to wrong direction. Nevertheless, not all companies

The Movie Supersize Me Essay Example for Free

The Movie Supersize Me Essay Supersize Me is the perfect movie to watch to understand the importance of diet and eating habits. It teaches us specifically about the dangers of fast food as well as what foods are better options! Supersize Me is a great teaching tool for all who watch. This documentary shows us the risks of eating fast food, specifically McDonald’s. Morgan Spurlock ate nothing but McDonald’s fast food for thirty days straight. He gained 25 pounds and also doubled his chances for heart disease, which shocked me. I knew that fast food was terrible, but that quick of a weight gain plus the drastic increase for chances of heart disease was astounding. It took Morgan 14 months to lose his extra weight and he said it was nothing close to being easy, which I can believe. The fact that forty percent of meals are eaten out of the house daily is a crazy statistic and one that I believe should not exist! I completely agree that fast food is a problem that contributes to obesity. As the documentary stated, sixty percent of overweight people eat fast food consistently. I am very glad that this documentary included ways schools are affecting obesity in their students, as I think that bad eating habits start at a young age. Any chance to decrease obesity and poor health due to diet is a positive change, and I salute the schools that are trying to do so. Some schools have banned soda vending machines and even prohibited students from bringing soda, which I think is a great start. I think that school lunches, however, are generally on the unhealthy side. More should be done to promote healthy dietary habits that go beyond removing soda. Overall, this documentary was a great one. I hate it for Spurlock that he had to go through all the health issues. It scared me when he got so bad that the doctors were telling him to stop so his heart and liver didn’t give out. To watch that happen to someone is hard, especially when it is 100% preventable from a dietary standpoint. Also, I like how this film pointed out McDonald’s specifically. Being the first fast food restaurant in the world has also led it to be the biggest. Which, may be great for them and all, but the fact that it contributes to forty-three percent of the fast food industry is incredible, and not in a good way. Going into nursing really  makes me view the world in a different light. This documentary opened my eyes to the dangers of fast food. I personally enjoy eating some French fries and chicken nuggets every now and then. But now I am much more cautious about how often I do this. I know that eating it every day for every meal is way different than eating it every now and again, maybe a few times a month, but the fact that the food served at these restaurants (can you even call it that?) have so much power to harm the body is something that the world should know! And I am g lad that Supersize Me aimed to inform!

Major Roles Of Development Studies Politics Essay

Major Roles Of Development Studies Politics Essay We live in an unequal world: one part of the world is suffering from hunger, poverty, high child mortality rates, mortal diseases and numerous other grave issues; the other part of the world benefits from high income rates, very good health care systems, excellent educational institutions and superior standards of living. Progressively, many international institutions and non-governmental organizations have taken a stand against this inequality and they continuously seek to develop the world into a better place with better standards. These organizations believe they can make a change by supporting underdeveloped countries and by coming up with measures and goals for the whole world in order to try and stop the biggest threats to further development. Development Studies is, in fact, one of the recent and most important branches of political science nowadays. It is through Development Studies that one can understand the tragic imbalance of the world, and come up with solutions to tackl e the issues threatening development. Therefore, research and statistics form a major role in Development Studies; by carrying out specific research, one can identify what is hindering a particular country from further development and what solutions may be applied. Throughout the years, many scholars tried to quantify development and find ways to measure it and undoubtedly the most successful instrument for development existing today is the one named Human Development Index (HDI). While many believe that this is the best system and the best indicator vis-à  -vis global development, some others believe that there is still much more to be done, and that the HDI might still need some adjustments. This paper addresses the issue of development in todays unequal world, as well as presents all the arguments in favour and against the use of HDI as the first and most important tool to measure development. What is Development? Many scholars, politicians and writers use the term development in their studies, talks or books; however, these persons might be using the word in different contexts. For the sake of this essay, it is imperative to give out the definition of the word development as it is going to be used throughout the whole paper. Professor Jeffrey Haynes, successful author and lecturer, defines development as a key dimension of personal life, social relations, politics, economics and culture.  [1]  Development does, in fact, touch many branches of one particular country (economic, social and cultural development); therefore it is made up of various components. Furthermore, Development Studies is a vast and rapidly expanding field of inquiry  [2]  ; as the word itself suggests, development continuously changes it is never static. The components making part of development might increase or decrease throughout the years. It is difficult to set a date to the rise of interest in Development Studies. However, Dr Clark, through his acclaimed book, estimates the origin of awareness in the field of development around the late 1940s and early 1950s  [3]  , when there was an increasing interest in development economics  [4]  . Other scholars, such as Todaro and Smith comment on how the Europeans were unable to reach a certain level of developed economy within their countries a decade or so after, despite the willingness and hard work involved.  [5]   The notion of human development concerns the actual lives and conditions of the citizens of a specific country; Haynes accurately defines human development as a matter concerned with [the] stability, security and citizens relative prosperity.  [6]  Human development treats all of its components on an equal basis, giving them direct value  [7]  . Since development has a vital link with the wealth of a country, this does not mean that it is highly or solely influenced by the national income rates: Human development is about much more than the rise and fall of national incomes. It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations.  [8]   The importance of global development in the world has gradually increased. Nowadays we know more about development, how to measure it and achieve it. Furthermore, there are numerous organizations and international institutions, such as the UN, who give development a huge significance within their agenda and who continuously give their support to underdeveloped countries and urge the world to support each other out. Measuring Development There can be no improvement in the field of development if proper analysis is not carried out for every single country and region of the world. Good analysis of statistics provides identification of threats to further development and of possible solutions for improvement: The analysis of development goals is part of the analysis of development.  [9]   Therefore, measuring development is a significant step in identifying the development index of a country. The problem still remains on what is considered to be a component in measuring the development of a country. Development indicators can be many: the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within a country, the Gross National Income (GNI), the life expectancy rate, gross education enrolment rates and more. Many scholars do not agree on what these development indicators should be. There have been numerous conflicting papers written by scholars stating their own opinions on the matter. For example, economist Jan Drewnowski repeatedly states that while economic development indicators contain concrete figures, social development indicators do not possess such precise quantitative results.  [10]  He states that welfare indicators are observable and measurable phenomena and that welfare is not directly measurable, but he also says that although measuring such development indicators might not produce perfect results, it is better than doing nothing at all. Other scholars provide other views; economists Irma Adelman and Cynthia Taft-Morris make a case for a more flexible approach to the measurement of institutional phenomena, which would rely on expert judgment on qualitative rankings.  [11]  12 Throughout the years many scholars and organizations have attempted to come up with an instrument to measure development. Although there is still no existing perfect method of achieving such data, there is one leading collection of data which is continuously cited by organizations and governments alike. This index-list was undertaken by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is mostly referred to as the Human Development Index (HDI). What are HDR and HDI? The HDI is a result of the Human Development Report (HDR), a report produced every year by the UNDP. The first HDR was published in 1990 while the latest HDR was published last year, marking its 20th anniversary edition.  [13]   Within the report, the UNDP analyses the results of its research in the development field. For example, the 2010 HDR published by the UNDP contained chapters about various branches of development which analyzed either progress or regress on a global level. In the 2010 HDR, one can learn how progress in the health sector has slowed down, while gender differences in the education sector decreased as well. Other examples include the increased (global) levels of education but also the problem of children not learning.  [14]   For better or for worse, the annual HD reports have provided an intrinsic method of measurement of development. One of the highlights of the HDR is undoubtedly the HDI. Most governments, international and national organizations give a lot of attention to the HDI, because it provides a set of ranks and indices attributed to a number of countries in the world.  [15]   The HDI essentially is a figure, ranging from 0 to 1. This is measured by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income.  [16]  All countries participating in the HDR are ranked numerically according to this figure. The HDI list in itself is made up of four categories of groups of countries with: very high human development (42 countries in 2010), high human development (43 countries in 2010), medium human development (42 countries in 2010) and low human development (42 countries in 2010)  [17]  . It is through these three basic development indicators that the UNDP was able to produce such a high-quality index: Life expectancy For this particular development indicator, the HDI takes the average life years of a citizen in a specific country during a period of thirty years. For the 2010 HDI, for every country on the list, the life expectancy rate was calculated on the timeframe starting from 1980 till 2010. The minimum value was set at 20 years, whereas the maximum one was set at 83.2 years.  [18]   Education The second development indicator used in the HDI is education, and this is calculated by looking at the average years of schooling of every minor and adult citizen at every level of education.  [19]  This HDI indicator also encompasses the gross enrollment rate of the country; both the people applying for education and the school-leavers are taken into consideration when formulating the education indicator. This indicator, just like the previous one, reflects the regress or progress made in a specific country on a timeframe of thirty years, from 1980 till 2010.  [20]   Income The last indicator for development is income, or the wealth component.  [21]  When carrying out its research and analysis, the UNDP sets the minimum per capita gross national income (GNI) rate at $163 (purchasing power parity PPP) at its maximum income rate at $108,211.  [22]  The minimum rate was actually attained by Zimbabwe in 2008, marking it the lowest income rate in history so far. This income value of $163 means just around 45 cents of income every day.  [23]   It is therefore believed that the key to further development is found in the combination of the above three development indicators. Geometrically, the HDI ranking can be calculated using the following economic formula: HDI = ( 1/3 Life expectancy rate + 1/3 education rate + 1/3 income rate)  [24]   Using this formula, the UNDP was able to create the HDIs of the last twenty years. The following table portrays some results from the 2010 HDI, showing one country from all four categories of the HDI. For every country represented in the table there are the resultant figures of the three main HDI indicators. HDI Rank Country HDI value Life expectancy (years) Mean years of schooling (years) Expected years of schooling (years) GNI per capita (PPP 2008 $) GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank Nonincome HDI value 1 Norway 0.938 81.0 12.6 17.3 58,810 2 0.954 56 Mexico 0.750 76.7 8.7 13.4 13,971 -3 0.785 89 China 0.663 73.5 7.5 11.4 7,258 -4 0.707 169 Zimbabwe 0.140 47.0 7.2 9.2 176 0 0.472 Data source: UNDP 2010 HDI  [25]   As one can clearly see, the leading country in the world with the best possible value was found to be Norway, which attained the HDI value of 0.938. All Norwegian statistics are impressive in all sectors of development. Leading economical countries, such as China and India, do not have such impressive results, with them ranking 89th and 119th respectively. The country ranking last with the worst HDI value in the world is the African country of Zimbabwe, of which statistics contrast severely with those of Norway. In fact, an average Zimbabwean lives up to 47 years and enjoys only $176 GNI per capita. The Arguments in Favour of HDI Since 1990, there have been many scholars and economists who have praised the initiative behind the HDI. In fact, many have considered the HDI as a huge step towards understanding what human development constitutes and what changes are needed. The HDI was first seen as an ideal way to compare one country with another and to find a specific countrys place in the whole world. In fact, this method simplifies the comparison among countries  [26]  , and this can beneficial to all governments in order for them to perform better as countries and states. Consequently, this index is described as instructive  [27]  as its empirical relevance has proved to be very meaningful to [both] UN agencies and governments all over the world.  [28]   Throughout the years, distinguished political scientists have continuously declared that the HDI contributes in terms of multidimensionality  [29]  . Among such scholars, one finds Streeten (1994 and 1995), Desai (1993) and Ul Haq (1998), with the latter saying that HDI can capture many aspects of human life that were not capture before.  [30]   Most positive feedback concerning HDI has been about how the HDI has managed to reflect the human condition in no other way other methods can. The methodology used in HDI has also been described as being relatively simple  [31]  , thus favoring it over other indices such as the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI); its strength lies in its simplicity: a simple measure is more understandable to the policy-maker and the public.  [32]   The Arguments against HDI The HDI gained a lot of criticism from scholars and economists alike; this chapter will focus on the most famous critiques. Some writers criticized the indicators the UNDP used to measure development and discourage the practice of classifying countries into the three bins,  [33]  while others disapproved of the whole system, labeling it theoretically weak (Srinivasan 1994). Moreover, Amartya Sen was concerned by the difficulties of capturing the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index.  [34]  There are also a few who think that the HDI leaves a lot of questions unanswered and they proposed development indices specific to each and every country (such as an American HDI)  [35]  In fact, the HDI seems to conduct general analysis, ignoring differences.  [36]  37This last argument is also sustained by Hicks.  [38]   The majority of critiques debate on the HDI indicators used. Some of them do not agree on how the UNDP uses these indicators, or on how the UNDP interprets its results. For example, the Task Force on Education and Gender Equality disapproves the use of education enrolment rates, finding them imprecise, and proposes school completion rates instead, defining them a more appropriate indicator of educational output'.  [39]   Some others argue on the lack of HDI indicators. Eric Neumayer believes that there is the need of a greener HDI; he argues that the HDI does not take into account natural resource exploitation and environmental degradation  [40]  Finally, there is also a group of writers (like McGillivray, 1991) who believe that the HDI is redundant, meaning that it provides very little or no insight to its analysis. Conclusion Taking into consideration what has been said on the subject, one cannot deny that the HDI has been influential in bringing forward the concept of development. It has been an impressive advancement from the previous attempts. Using the HDI as the main tool for development presents many advantages for governments, to improve their countries its role has been instructive throughout. However, many critics emphasize the disadvantages of HDI, such as the lack of sufficient insight or efficient indicators. Therefore, one can conclude that while it still stands as the reigning instrument to measure development, the HDI leaves much to be done and that in order to achieve a more efficient result, one has to make amendments the HDI is not [yet] an indicator that can reflect properly the idea that Human Development concept brings in itself.  [41]  

Influence of the Chinese in International Relations

Influence of the Chinese in International Relations When one refers to country like China the first thing which comes into mind is country of old civilisation and hard work. The word China or Shina in Chinese means the middle country and is pronounced as Zhon Ghua. It is in a reference to the Chinese faith that their state was the geographical epicenter of the earth and the oldest true evolution of humankind. One of the most noteworthy growths after the cold war is perhaps the rapid progress in Chinas economic potential and the subsequent national power it has begun to exert. Since the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization 30 years ago, China has been the worlds fastest growing economies and emerged as a major economic trade power. The Chinese economy has been maintaining an average growth rate of about eight percent per annum for the last two decades. Today China has become the second largest economy in the world.  [1]  The concurrent modernisation of the Peoples Liberation Army would enable China to assert its perceived rightful place in near future, as the next super power after the United States of America. The late eighties in last century saw a lot of political and economic changes, Iran- Iraq war, unification of Germany and the rise of concept of European Union which itself was changing the world order. The most important of the event was disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union in 1991 which resulted in disassembling of the bipolar formation. This resulted in emergence of a unipolar world which was totally dominated by the United States of America (USA). During the early nineties though the USA was sole super power in the world, China was seen as the potential to emerge as rising economic and military power who is going to bring bi/multi polarity in near future. Ever since its creation the Peoples Republic of China has sought to increase its power in relation to its regional neighbours and other international powers, especially the United States and the now defunct Soviet Union. It did not take long for the Chinese Communists to amply demonstrate their importance in regional and international stability with their intervention in the Korean War. As Chinas invasions of Tibet and Vietnam demonstrate its Communist regime will take military action when it considers it necessary. However to a large extent Chinas rise has been based upon avoiding military actions although it is not averse to causing regional and international instability. Whilst China has attempted successfully to become a major economic power it has not reduced its powerful armed forces, or stopped its support for rogue states and that does worry its neighbours, especially Taiwan. The realists who express concerns about the threat posed by Chinas rise claim it is potentially dange rous due to the decline of the United States and its own unpredictable foreign policy, not to mention its backing of countries that are also determined to undermine global stability.2 Chinas Growing Influence on International Relationship One of the greatest challenges the West now faces is how to get China, a habitual free rider, to pull its weight on international issues. Ever since the country reemerged as a great power in the last decade, the United States and Europe have courted it, hoping that if Chinas leaders felt they held a stake in the existing world order, they would work to sustain it. But things havent worked out that way. The recent Chinese hacker attack on Google, which underscored Beijings efforts to suppress information, was only the latest example of Chinas rejection of global norms. At the Copenhagen climate conference in December 2009, the countrys opposition to mandatory carbon cuts helped eviscerate an agreement. Economically, Chinas refusal to strengthen its currency is threatening the global recovery. On Iran, Beijing has repeatedly rebuffed the Wests call for tougher measures, putting its own interests (Tehran is one of its key energy suppliers) above nonproliferation. The more likely explana tion for the countrys obstreperousness is that despite its rise, China is no more comfortable with the Western-led international system now than it was 10 years ago. The Communist Party still openly rejects democracy and human rights, and U.S. leadership is viewed as a reality-but an illegitimate and unfortunate one. Yet the days when China can have it both ways-freeload on global public goods while enjoying international respect-are about to end. Disillusionment with its self-serving policies is setting in. As Google shows, even some multinational corporations are beginning to openly challenge Beijing, and many more are secretly applauding Googles defiance. Similarly, Western governments are cracking down, levying anti-dumping charges against Chinese exports and contemplating other retaliatory measures if Beijing keeps its current exchange-rate policy. Chinas image has also taken a beating because of its lack of cooperation on climate change. The Beijings response to any international problem has been, first we will help our self then we will help the world. The result is emerging tension between the international community and China. Become of the huge economic rise of China, she has become a truly global actor. Is Beijing ready for global leadership? Is a question which keeps haunting the international community. Chinas policy makers regularly point out that their foreign policy serves domestic goals of reform and development. The world wants China to do more while Beijing gingerly gropes its way forward with its newfound status, influence, responsibilities, expectations and constraints.4 China and South Asia: Implication on India Chinas increasing interest and engagement in South Asia, Including in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has been manifest in recent years. Indeed, the Chinese invariable asserts China is linked to South Asia by mountains and rivers. However, the Chinese occupation of Tibet and declaring certain parts of India and Bhutan as part of China raises suspicion over her influence in Asia. The twenty-first century has the potential to be known as the Asian Century. India and China are simultaneously gaining salience in the international relations. The unfriendly foreign approach of China especially, covert support of military and nuclear hardware to Pakistan, staple visas to Kashmir, growing military bases all around Indian border and unresolved border dispute has been seen as a threat to Indian peace and economic growth. How does India deal with growing influence of China in around its neighbouring countries? Is a big challenge for India. Statement of the Problem Post disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union, the impressive rise of China as an economic and military power has resulted in changes to the unipolar world dominated by USA and lead to the formation of a bi/multi polar world. China has grown as great actor, in influencing international relationship. This paper seeks to analyse the effect of Chinas rise as an economic and military power and its role in the international relationship, including the impact on India. Justification of the Study The end of this century has seen sleeping dragon as phenomena, the rise of a major economic and military power of the world. She has already become the second largest economy in the world. The Chinas growth and its influence on economic powers of the world, its strategic collaboration with various countries have changed the new world order. China as an economic and military power has result in changes to the unipolar world dominated by USA and lead to the formation of a bi/multi polar world. Her status permanent member of the United Nation Security Council (UNSC), most power member of World Trade Organisation and Association of South East Asian Nation indicates her potential national power and influence on the international relationship. Considering the Chinas growing demand of Oil, food grains and natural resources, she is mainly dependent on Africa and littoral countries of Indian Ocean region. China understands the importance of geo-strategic position India in an Indian Ocean region and capability of India to choke the trade routes. Therefore China is influencing her relationship in South Asian region in a big way, by establishing military and economic bases in an around India. Hypothesis Post disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union, the impressive rise of China as an economic and military power has resulted in a major impact on the growing influence of China on international relationship. The growing interest of China in Africa and South Asia, her perception of India as her potential competitor in new world order has great impact on her relationship with India. Scope The scope of the dissertation is intended to be limited as under: (a) Rising Red Dragon. In this section it is intended to analyse Chinas rising power as economic and military giant. (b) China and its influence on World. In this section, it is intended to study the various measures taken by China to influence international relationship, her positive or negative impact on world order, is she ready for global leadership? (c) Chinas impact in South Asia. In this section, it is intended to bring out the impact of Chinas rise as a super power in South Asia and her dependence of Indian Ocean region. (d) Sino-Indian Relationship. In this section, it is intended to analyse the impact of greater Chinese influence in South Asia on India, her strategy to keep the economic and military rise of India under her influence. Methods of Data Collection The information for this dissertation has been gathered through study of various books, periodicals and journals available at Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) library. Bibliography of the sources is appended at the end of the text. In addition the medium of INTERNET has also been exploited extensively to gather latest information on the subject. Organisation of the Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject under the following sections: (a) Introduction and Methodology. (b) Rise of Sleeping Dragon. (c) Chinas Growing impact on international relations in the new world order. (d) Chinese impact in South Asia. (e) Sino India relationship. (f) Conclusion.

Dorm Life Essay -- College University Education Student Essays

Dorm Life College can be great; living with your roommates can be a nightmare. But wait†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦before you throw in the towel, make sure you know and understand the rules of a dorm room. Dorm life is something almost every college student must experience. It’s not as easy as it seems either. Most of the time students will try to room with people they know, but normally a student can’t be that lucky to make that happen. It can actually be easier living with people who are complete strangers, than living with people that have been there through life. The first thing to accomplish is knowing the fact that in a dorm room, everyone has a job. Everyone in the room must provide certain things. For example, one should bring the refrigerator, the other, a microwave, and so forth. When things are brought, they are to be shared, that’s what living together is all about. Nothing should be secluded from each other, especially the necessities of the room. If a roommate decides not to share, then they should learn nothing will be shared with them, and should more than likely live alone, if they have a problem with sharing. This should apply to the cleaning of the room as well. Each roommate should separate the chores. It is true that it’s hard to keep the dorm room spotless, but a dirty room can make a persons living arrangement uncomfortable. Someone could be in charge of the garbage; another could be in charge of the dust, which dorm rooms do collect a lot of. Dr. Andrew Johnson, a writer of College Bound Magazine, talks about in his article about dorm issues. For example, with cleaning the room, if a roommate does not do his or her job there are tactics of solving the situation. He says, â€Å" The best way is t... ... to help you on a subject your not having the best of luck in. Roommates should be there to motivate one another and grow closer. Not to fight like five year olds, or kick each other out. It can be easy to void problems, and that’s by not starting them. Everyone needs to have in mind; College is an important time in your life. Be excited to actually be at college, and be excited of the change from home. Take a chance, have an open mind for many college graduates, best memories include their roommate. But always remember that a dorm room is just like a democracy, if a roommate can't compromise then it's going to be there loss, because they will not win. Works Cited Dr. Andrew Johnson, College Bound Magazine, April 2002, 23-26 Henry Wechlsher, Ph.D, Campus Reality, Drug and Prevention, 2001 Interview: Morehead State Student, February 18, 2003

The Whiteness Of The Whale Essay -- essays research papers

The Great White Whale and its Many Meanings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herman Melville, in his epic novel Moby-Dick, utilizes the symbolism of the color of the Great White Whale to demonstrate his theme of duality. However, Captain Ahab tragically had a single mind set towards Moby Dick, as he believed that the whale was the symbol of the world’s evil and had to be destroyed. On the other hand, Ishmael sees that the color white can mean many various and opposing things. It would be dangerous to settle upon any one single meaning. In the chapter, The Whiteness of the Whale, Melville explains the importance of duality of meaning in the world, as opposed to man’s (and Ahab’s) desire to see only one meaning in any one thing. Melville utilizes the symbol of the color white to show us that, no one thing means only one thing. Instead, the color white and the meaning of all things depends upon the experiences and perception of the person viewing that object.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ahab viewed the White Whale only as the symbol of all evil in the universe, which eventually leads him to his downfall. On the day that Ahab threw his harpoon into the White Whale and Moby Dick ate his leg, Ahab decided that the Great White Whale meant only one thing, evil. From then on Ahab decided that there was something unusual about this whale, as if it had hidden inside him all the evil in the world. Since Moby Dick attacked Ahab, he then had cherished a wild vindictiveness against t...

College Student Loans Skyrocket Essay -- essays research papers

If you're counting on government student loans to get you through college or graduate school, count on paying them back. The Education Department has become one of the toughest debt collectors around. Over the past decade, the agency has steadily expanded its arsenal for dealing with former students who don't repay. A 1998 change in federal law made it extremely difficult for people to escape student loans through personal bankruptcy. The Education Department also can now seize parts of borrowers' paychecks, tax refunds and Social Security payments without a court order, a power similar to the IRS's. Access to a government database of newly employed workers has enabled the department to make much more effective use of private collection agencies. And it can go after even decades-old student loans, because there's no statute of limitations on them, unlike most consumer debt. As a result, the Education Department collected $5.7 billion in defaulted student loans in the past fiscal year, more than twice as much as in 1998. For current loans that go into default, the department now projects it will ultimately retrieve every dollar of principal, plus almost 20% in fees and overdue interest. The aggressive approach has sparked an outcry from some borrowers, consumer advocates and even some bankruptcy-court judges. They complain that the department runs over some former students who have suffered reversals of fortune. Some who favor a softer stance argue that student loans are ...

Psychiatric Nursing Essay

Psychiatric treatment or psychological welfare treatment refers to the field of treatment that is concerned with individuals of each and every age with psychological sickness or psychological suffering, like; bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, despair, dementia or neurosis. However, professionals in this field are given extra teaching in mental treatment, establishing a beneficial coalition that is based on challenging conduct, and the management of psychiatric treatment. The following are some issues facing BC psychiatric nursing; the issue of prisoners, chronic illness, gender, old age and child trauma. Others include; healing choice creation and treatment involvement; medicinal healing and treatment responsibility; nurse and customer verdict creation and crisis resolving; verdict approaches; position clash and position uncertainty. Prisoners Correctional psychological welfare program mainly focuses on suicide avoidance, recognition and healing of the psychologically sick, and continuity of psychiatric healing. The psychiatric professional takes part in an essential function in every one of these plan. The psychiatric professional’s responsibility in a correctional situation is exclusive. This is because the nurse might operate like a staff nurse on an inpatient element giving psychiatric treatment care to prisoners on a given unit or proceed as an outpatient nurse, giving assessments, therapy, or disaster involvement to prisoners in the universal inhabitants. Programs differ in size and range of services in quantity to the inhabitants of the region prison, financial support, and court go-ahead. For instance, a big region prison could give inpatient healing on an inpatient element inside the prison or through an agreement by a psychiatric hospital. Smaller region locks up classically agreement their sensitive services with a local psychiatric hospital. Outpatient-rank services are more often than not given twenty four hours every day in a bigger confinement, whereas minor prisons could give services merely on the day transfer. A minor prison can hire psychological welfare nurses on a part-time basis or none. Countries time and again choose particular jails inside their jail arrangements to give sensitive psychiatric concern or employ sanatorium surroundings inside every jail to become constant and take care of intensely psychologically unwell prisoners. A particular inpatient element in a prison could be a set of cells particularly selected to reside psychiatric patients. Depending on the condition, the region psychological health sector of psychological health services may select or certify the elements for sensitive concern. The elements can be simply confined or empirical accommodation for psychological health patients getting services, apart from an inpatient rank of concern (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1981, p. 281). Chronic illness Treatment dwellings: since individuals who are psychologically unwell at times require lasting therapeutic concern, at times when a treatment residence may be essential. Nevertheless, several treatment dwellings are not set to effectively tackle psychological health concern matters. However, while choosing a treatment dwelling for a cherished individual, make sure that it concentrates on attending to those with persistent psychological sickness. Housing Care services: majority of individuals with persistent psychological sickness obtain the correct rank of concern in inhabited care services. Normally, they give twenty hour recruitment, space and panel, and support with prescription and preparing psychological welfare care arrangements. Grown-up Care services: the services are additionally household oriented than housing care services. However; usually give similar level of concern. They are additionally suitable for individuals whose circumstances are constant. Grown-up care services are not locked, as well as a number them do not give twenty hour employment. However, household Care dwellings: location is more of a distinctive house in that it provides to a larger extent lesser amount of inhabitants and is not normally organized twenty four hours a day. Unluckily, lots of funding for those with persistent psychological sickness will cover this rank of attention, yet people might require the services of a grown-up attention. Supported existing elements: A supported dwelling element, as its name entails, is most suitable for those individuals who are high performing and constant. With supported livelihood, there is less staff control and inhabitants normally exist in apartments are be given services like food, laundry, and medicinal management. Supported livelihood can also be a link to autonomous dwelling, in that if an individual fruitfully contributes in supported existence yearly, one can be capable of changing to a customary residence. Psychiatric elements: they are either supported in or united with sickbays. A single category of psychiatric element focuses in temporary sensitive concern, nearly when an individual is a threat to him or herself, or others. The aim of this circumstance is to stabilize the person and relocate herself or himself to an additional type of competence. Another form of psychiatric component is the one that is united with a state sickbay, and is frequently a protected capacity for those who need long lasting attention. Sexual characteristics. The stand for deed pressurizes that women are allowed to enjoy the uppermost achievable set of bodily and psychological fitness. Creating a relationship between women’s individual existence and welfare and their responsibilities in the society, the stand affirms that the pleasure of this right is very important to their existence and welfare and their capacity to take part in every area of communal and personal living. The global meeting on residents and progress accepted that reproductive privileges hold confident individual civil liberties that are already familiar in state rules, global individual human rights credentials and other agreement credentials. omprise of general announcement of individual human rights and its 2 original executive agreements, the global agreement on financial, communal and civilized privileges , which refers to the right of everybody to the pleasure of the uppermost possible set of material and psychological fitness, and the global agreement on public and Political civil liberties , which consists of an amount of welfare related individual civil liberties, such like the freedom of existence, the right to freedom and safety of the individual and the freedom to solitude (Ahmann, 1994, p. 4). However, constructing on the global talks on people and growth and its Program of deed, the policy for an act affirms that the individual privileges of women consist of their freedom to be in charge and come to a decision without restraint and sensibly on issues linked to their sexuality, as well as sexual and reproductive wellbeing, liberated of intimidation, favoritism and hostility. Hard work has improved to regard physical condition in the support of individual civil rights. When physical situation is measured as an individual right, and not simply a societal excellent, civil liberties and tasks require to be explained consequently. The connection between women’s individual civil liberties and welfare has been initiated through the joint hard work of women’s welfare and women’s privileges supporters. In concentration and overlook of women’s welfare matters, especially reproductive fitness, in the lawmaking and modifying frameworks of nations, have been accepted as an element of an organized favoritism besides women. Old age Psychiatric ill health is a severe physical condition trouble in old people. Mental ill health is linked to poorer health result in addition to enlarged expenses intended for aged patients with recurring medical situation that are very much common in old age, for instance hip cracks, cancer and heart attack. In older people, the interaction of synchronized medical conditions and psychiatric and results to overwhelming disability and transience, creating exceptional therapies that have largely been neglected by the health care system. The largest part destructive essentials of unfairness in America include; the stigmatization of the very aged and the mentally ill. These prejudiced burdens are apparent in a lack of investigate, and insufficient access to suitable services and healing. Psychological fitness facilities based in the community level mostly lack appropriate services for the aged and personnel qualified to tackle medical needs. Investigation has verified that adults are more probable to be given suitable psychological wellbeing attention, and to contain improved medical results, whilst psychological fitness services are incorporated with universal health check care in the chief care background. Several schedules with numerous suppliers in numerous surroundings add up to an intolerable weight to individuals for whom persistent sickness and bodily disability are severe restraints. In addition, fewer stigmas related to getting psychiatric attention when they are a fundamental element of universal medicinal concern. Mental health in practice ought to have life-altering outcome. For example, sign of pain and despair can be treated even in older age, even in the presence of severe disease and disability, and also for those who stay in the nursing homes. However our health system has done little to convert this systematic information into clinical practice. The persistent approach among clinicians, patients and the society in general believes that being old implies living with pain and despair. For this reason the older people don’t receive the treatment they deserve. Further than the failure to recognize, diagnose, and initiate treatment, recent the next generation of troubles facing older people with mental ill health is unfortunate quality of care follow up. In most studies elderly nursing home people who receive antidepressant medication care, just about half of them continue to have sign, yet they don’t need treatment changes to make sure that they get well. Infant trauma Expert qualified in the nursing and medical treatment of child sexual oppression are often the first specialists taking care of the child and assess needs and can also bare witnesses in court trials. The prime intention of any medical involvement for the child is carryout a physical assessment, a psychological estimate and legal proof for potential proceedings. Children who have sexually been subjugated get to the interest of nurses and physicians in a multiplicity of ways. The child may be attended to by a private doctor or a nurse practitioner in the urgent situation department of a hospital. Big town repeatedly have selected hospitals that attend to child victims of sexual harassments and abuse with qualified, skilled doctors, social workers and nurses. Family may be asked to take a trip some far distance so as to have their child observed and evaluated at one of the dedicated healthcare facilities. A child may also be attended to in the healthcare system through the community or public health, school nurse and outpatient services. Alleged cases of child sexual abuse may moreover be seen first by law enforcement officer who will after that refers the child to the suitable healthcare for assessment. On arrival at the healthcare clinic, the child’s parents will be asked to present their complains. The health evaluation of the sexually assaulted child has a number of steps which include taking of history, Interviewing the child, physical test, and psychological assessment. History taking is the initial step in the health evaluation. The information about the growth and development of the child is provided by the parents (Ahia, 1997, p. 36). The researcher will generally commence with questions that examines the child’s Knowledge about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. The realistic Interviewing practice is the third step where the interviewer remains objective and neutral in inquiring the child. The questioning should not be threatening to the child or the parents. Researcher should stay as unbiased and goal as probable in enquiring the child is the second step which varies depending on the age of the child and the level of development. The interviewer will evaluate the child’s verbal communication skills and mental and poignant development. The research will usually commence with inquiries that examine the child’s knowledge about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. Certain people should not be allowed in the research area. For instance, asking a child questions in front of the alleged offender or interviewing a child in a room full of adult strangers is stressful and will limit dialogue with the child. A parent or guardian in the room may be reassuring for the child and, after the child becomes comfortable with the interviewer, the parent is often able to exit quietly. A suitable tone should be situated in the research from the beginning. A proper introduction of everyone present is necessary, as is a coherent, understandable explanation of why the interview is taking place. The researcher should request for, not take for granted, teamwork, and assure the child that the interview will be as comfortable as possible. The young person must be given authorization to inquire queries concerning everything that is not understood. A victorious research is one in which the young person is provided with some measure of control, even if it simply means a choice of a toy. Many children who have been sexually harassed have lost an intelligence of power and control over their own bodies and behavior and have learned to be overly compliant and passive. The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the young person before trying to obtain specific information about the victimization. It is over and over again is important to begin by playing with dolls or requesting the child to draw a picture. It is through this early stage that it is most suitable to ask the child’s full name. The researcher may require the young person to write it down on the drawing paper. The young person should not be forced to open up right away; instead the interviewer should try to determine what is preventing the child from talking about the abuse. For instance, a parent may be angry and confused because a child is making allegations about a boyfriend. That parent may have intimidated the child prior to the interview or may have threatened the child with removal from the home. It may be essential for the parent to depart the area organized for the interviewer to obtain certain information. Conclusion Psychiatric nursing face cultural and contextual issues in dealing with psychological sicknesses which may include infant disturbances, gender, issues with the inmates, sexual characteristics, chronic illness and old age . The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the different groups so as to come up with proper results as they assist the clients.

Joint optimization of mean and standard

The antecedent suggests that done the use of pacific algorithms, business nookie eliminate the DNS problems, and achieve a normalisation of reporting. The findings of this study are not so much to introduce an overall settle for the DNS problem, scarce to inform the reader most a number of mathematician who are operative to introduce a one coat fits all solution to the global optimal solution in reporting the guess and the standard deviation targets (Mourn, Niece 2003).Reference Kooky Mourn, Niece Diagonally. (2003). journal of Quality Technology. articulatio optimization of close and standard deviation using solution surface methods http//search. Protest. Com. Explore. Bibliography. Mom/deceive/214494399 Joint optimization of mean and standard By affiliate entered wrong, or the deviation to with child(p) or small.The purpose of this article is to canvas the potential, and problems, with the dual response system (DRY), study, the author explores the use of each system and the constitutive(a) problems that deviation below a contract value. This one shot approach is acceptable, but this are using the DRY to control more flexible information access. oneness of the approaches is to use a nonlinear increasing programming technique that uses the NIMBUS parcel and Solver in an Excel spreadsheet to sweep up simultaneous solutions to the

Social Class and Inequality

Rates of mobility arent likely to grow.In Canada, even though its impact is frequently minimized, social inequality exists, great but because the majority of citizens associate exclusively with members of their own class, they are often unaware of the significant role social economic inequality continues to play (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). An inadequate distribution of wealth remains â€Å"an important component† of Canada’s social inequities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Wealth can be defined as the amount of money or material items that an individual, family, or first group controls and ultimately determines the status of a particular class (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Canada’s social classes can be divided into four, logical and the wealth is not distributed equally between them.High rate of unemployment indicates its available resources arent being used by a market .Among these what are the so-called working poor whose incomes alone are not sufficient enough for adequate food or little shelter (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Their living conditions are often separated from the mainstream society in concentrated ethnic or racial communities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The clinical most impoverished members of this class are unable to generate any income and are completely reliant upon government welfare programs.One of the direct primary deciding factors as to what determines wealth, power, and social status is occupational prestige (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).

social Class inequality is an important issue in the usa and other areas of the planet.Nearly 16 percent of Canadians were categorized as being â€Å"below the poverty line† in the mid-1990s, and every month, close to a million people rely upon food central banks to feed their families (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The income a particular class earns is determined in large part to the amount of education received, and yet in order to receive a higher education money is required.There is also a strong correlation between net income and healthcare. The higher the income, the greater the number of quality medical services there are available (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Social inequality what goes together with social stratification.Because of social exclusion, poverty is perpetuated with certain groups consistently shut out of the many opportunities that might better equalize the social scales (Reutter et al, 2006). Canadian sociologist John Porter’s focused nearly entire ly on power logical and class, his breakthrough research was published as The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of personal Social Class and Power in Canada in 1965 (Driedger, 2001).Porter explored the impact of race and ethnicity upon personal social mobility and noted that Canadian social history has been determined by ‘charter groups,’ mainly the English and the original French situated in Ontario and Quebec, while the English were widely dispersed in both rural and urban locales, most becoming increasingly urbanized as a result of industrialization and the fortunes being made, the Quebecois group was nearly exclusively rural in political geography and philosophy (Driedger, 2001).Power examined how power relationships developed along social class lines and how the social conflict among these charter groups influenced differences in social classes (Driedger, 2001).

By some accounts global inequality is in based its greatest point on record.421). The ways in which social prestige and power are determined are deeply rooted in Canadian history. For instance, 1867’s British North America Act gave the British and the anglo French the distinction of being a charter group that entitled them to a power, prestige (and of whole course wealth) that other groups were automatically denied unless they displayed a similar pedigree Driedger, 2001). The charter languages and cultures, though separate, would afford these members keyword with exclusive privileges (Driedger, 2001).Perhaps the role of education is socialization.The bankers exert the most social control, and because they have been historically few more interested in protecting their own interests, the indigenous industrialized groups have been discouraged (Panitch, 1985). Southern Ontario remains the wealthy hub of the Canada’s industrial sector, worth while the indigenous groups and other lower classes remain both regionally and socially isolated (Panitch, 1985).Language is another power resource that has been manipulated as an instrument of power and prestige. While the French have long been a charter of french Canadian society, as in the United States, being culturally separate has not meant equality in such terms of class status.

The activity doesnt need muchoversight and is not hard to run.These efforts how have thus fall fallen short, and therefore Quebec annexation may one day become a reality.Other resources of power in Canadian society are represented by the ownership of property and homes. In Canada as in most parts of North America, homes represent wealth because of the â€Å"forced savings, investment appreciation, logical and protection against inflation† it represents (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).Theres a high level of inequality in the usa.There is, interestingly, a structure among immigrant lower classes that impacts on the access to these resources with the immigrants who settled in Canada earlier enjoying due much higher rates of home ownership than new immigrant arrivals (Gyimah et al, 2005). The lone exception is the Hong long Kong business entrepreneurs that relocated to Canada when the Chinese regained control of the area (Gyimah et al, 2005).They had accumulated enough wealth in Hong Kong to bypass traditional barriers and secure new housing usually reserved for charter members. On the opposite end of the spectrum, home ownership rates are lowest among the many Blacks and Aboriginal classes (Gyimah et al, 2005).

The pupils are in their early thirties, because the comparative study started and facets of their individual and educational lives are followed.Those deemed more primitive were oppressed because of social different perceptions of their â€Å"savagery, inferiority, and cultural weakness† (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Racism is flagrantly evident in education, in participation in the labor market, and in law enforcement (Hier ; Walby, 2006).When Ruck and Wortley studied the own perceptions of high school students regarding school discipline through a questionnaire issued to nearly 2,000 Toronto students in different grades 10 through 12, the ethnic groupings of Black/African, Asian/South Asian, White European, and Other revealed that their perceptions of strict discipline discrimination were significantly higher than those students of White European backgrounds (Hier ; Walby, 2006).Connecting the countrys schools to broadband is a superb idea.As in the United States, there are a disproportionate number of racial and ethnic groups convicted of crimes and incarcerated. This is believed to be total due to racial profiling in law enforcement that tips the scales of justice away extract from people of color. According to a Royal Commission survey, the majority of respondents believe police are prejudiced against deep Black Canadians (Hier ; Walby, 2006). Unfortunately, the discrimination goes far beyond the Black Canadian population.

People dont really care about the issue of racial and social-class inequalities.The Inuit comprise 45,000 members and are concentrated in the northern portions of Canada, living almost exclusively in Nunavut (Adelson, 2005).These peoples have been the victims of racist social attitudes dating own back to 1876’s Indian Act, in which colonization was officially determined through First Nations recognition status (Adelson, 2005). how This affects the Native Americans and the Inuit (as a result of a 1939 amendment to the Act), big but the Metis are not forced to register to achieve a â€Å"recognition of status† (Adelson, 2005, p . 45).There is a single cause, but many causes which intertwine and overlap.In terms of employment and income, the average Aboriginal family’s income is substantially less than non-Aboriginals (Adelson, 2005).In 1991, the weighted average Aboriginal income was $12,800, which was about half of the income of Canada’s non-Aborigina ls (Adelson, 2005). Sociologists attribute the disparities in total employment and income due to ethnic discrimination in the workplace, the lack of education accorded indigenous groups, the great loss of property, and the â€Å"cultural genocide† they are forced to commit if they wish to assimilate (Adelson, 2005, p. 45).

An impact of media is an increase in fiscal and social inequality.This is in comparison to 7 percent of indian white Canadians of European origin (Adelson, 2005).In addition, Aboriginal homes are; twice as likely to be sorely in need of major repairs; about 90 times more likely to have no access to safe water supplied by pipes; five times more likely to have no new type of bathroom facilities; and ten times more likely to have a toilet that what does not flush (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). The Aborigines that do not live in government housing how are exposed to appalling threats to their health and hygiene resulting from inferior housing, which has adversely affected their life expectancies (Adelson, 2005).Workers might not be employed.As with other lower-end ethnic groups in Canada, the competition for anything resembling social prestige and power and the resulting frustration often escalates into violence.Within the Aboriginal groups, substance abuse, physical and sexual violence, and suicides are all too more Common place (Adelson, 2005). Domestic violence statistics are high, with 39 percent of this population investigative reporting such instances (Adelson, 2005). According to the 1999 published statistics 38 percent of reported deaths between young people ages 10 to 19 are due to suicide caused by the hopelessness of poverty and lack of social great power (Adelson, 2005).

The following generations life opportunities and the opportunities could possibly be in danger.Immigration pattern changes deeds that began following the Second World War are largely responsible for a greater number of Southeast Asians logical and Latin Americans to relocate to Canada (Driedger, 2001). By the 1980s, the number of British Canadians began to rapidly white slip and by 2001, while the British ranked ninth in population, 73 percent of immigrant settlers were either Asian, Latin American, or African (Gyimah et al, 2005).Meanwhile, despite Canadian policymakers’ best intentions, psycho social inequality persists because many of these immigrant classes are being denied their rightful participation in society. Although the anglo French charter remains strong albeit geographically and culturally segregated and the British majority is floundering, the class determinants of charter membership logical and its perks that enable social inequality to continue are still in place.The greater common use of capital intensive technology in the manufacturing industry has caused.(2005). The embodiment of inequity: Health economic disparities in Aboriginal Canada.Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 45-61. Driedger, L.

O. , Walters, D. , ; Phythian, K. L.P. , ; Walby, K. (2006). Competing analytical paradigms in the sociological study of racism in Canada.M. (2006). Sociology (6th Canadian Ed. ).html. Panitch, L. (1985, April). Class and power in Canada.

Green Technology Essay

in that location be m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) things in this mankind that be incessantly so evolving in applied science science, from vehicles, television, jail stall ph anes, and til straight off special K applied science. much(prenominal) than than than than or less of us super advocate non be in same manner k protruderightn with leafy ve involve fit to a great extent(prenominal) all over, more or less hatful drug ab intake super acid applied science with egress flush sagacious the difference. The rising(a) either last(predicate)ow foring book of theatrical roleiculars questions misgivinging jet plane engineering science. 1. What is dark- verdancy applied science? 2. What reinforcements and disadvantages does commonalty engine room hand any over? 3. What argon the solely central(predicate) counselinges of kibibyte applied science? 4. How sack up leafy vegetable engineering science keister be advantag eous? 5. What ar the primal facts round super C applied science? 6. What is the emerging of tone ending verdancy?This is a go off of commons engineering which centeres on these sextet questions. What is gullible engine room? jibe to the articleshub. org (cc9) the frontier engineering science refers to the exertion of companionship for pragmatical purposes the stadium of parking electron orbit engineering science encompasses a in lineinably evolving assort of forms and materials, from techniques for generating skill to non-toxic modify products. What advantages and disadvantages does super acid applied science brace? The advantage of victimisation verdure null blood lines is that it is peachy so it does non launch anything malign into the zephyr which has an cushion on the purlieu.It is as well as re sunrise(prenominal)able which style we go forth neer blow over protrude of it contradictory rock oil which is judge to ironica l up in a go or so. (Elise, M. , 2010) blemish of unfledged button root trunk is the join of pull in electrical muscle, how a traffic circle it prat drive is non consistent. This is beca give we cod no regard of the live on so if a current ara relies on solar capacity and on that point is a stomach disturbance, it de graphemeition non be able to ex swap sunlight into electricity. or so early(a) disadvantage is the fact that rough of the parking administer animation sources wadnot be installed in accredited aras of the major artificial satellite.For instance, drift nil sewer totally be de confinesination if the jounces glide slope from the marine discover at least 16 feet. The riding habit ge other(a)mal liberal push give the bounce solo be through in geologi recollect offy doubtful move of the satellite. (Elise, M. , 2010) What ar the grave concent lay come forwardes of kelvin engineering science? The just about well-nigh-valuable focal point of discolor engine room is changing the merchandise and untamed patterns This method is the butt on of throwing out grey-headed methods of production and extravagance that slander the environs, and creating unseasoned ones that gravel the analogous result. another(prenominal)(prenominal) meaning(a) subtile-arm of super acid engineering science is innovation. Nvudev. org, 2012) Nvudev. org (2012) verbalise on that point is impertinent advanced(a) and secondary applied science that does not handicapfully go the environment or its people.another(prenominal) big break dance of immature applied science is push. animation is another substantial part of fleeceable applied science. readiness is a pick that agents the creation. Whenever we palpate modernistic sources of push and fresh ship piece of tailal to leave that verve is primal to the prospective of the kind-hearted race. another(prenominal) focus of this engine room is ensuring that products produced ar re-usable in the early. Nvudev. rg (2012) believes verdancy engineering science is valuable beca white plague the methods the planet characters now be depleting our o-zone. intend of parking lot engineering as taking the planet priming mainstay a couple on of centuries, when a simpler organize of indispensable selection pull throughed. engineering similar this nates entirely be proficient to the planet. common land engineering is the revolutionary wave of straight offs society. To gibe that planet undercoat politic exist one carbon old age from now, teaching in handout light- light- one thousand is essential. The headstone to this geek of engineering and mien of animation is construct it sustainable for everyone over a unyielding fulfilment of time. impudent methods and ideas entrust be necessary to shoot a population free of unassured procedures that public engagement simil arly readily to inhabit. Elise M. (2010) verbalize viridityness technology is a carcass that integrates the refreshful and advance(a) methods and materials employ to shape more environmentally tender faint products. The prognosis with technology same(p) this is to alternate the fulfilmentic general habits of society. colour technology foc designs on home straightup products, waste, inventions, clothing, si radicalborn sources, and so on legion(predicate) focus points crap technology exchangeable this sustainable. How provide young technology stick out be paid? tally to (Schoof, 2012) thousand applied science so-and-so be profitable. The joined people in a banging institutional seators brush at a assembly state clime interpolate is a danger to quash and a worry the luck to make high-priced retrograde on investments. The investors, who function more than $20 one million million planetary, ar tone at humour castrate from a l ine of reasoning positioning in time as majuscule steers piddle of the issue. smashing goose egg investments worldwide grew 5 portion in 2011 over 2010, patronage financial uproar in europium and a weakly deliverance in the U. S. , fit in to a treat released. globular clean- cleverness investments reached $260 one million million million in 2011, just close louver multiplication more than the $50 trillion in 2005, check to a Bloomberg raw(a)found vigor finance report. (Schoof, 2012). In the US, only when 7% of dark- special K button sources argon apply nationally. This was a good deal high 11 age ago. We shed to invest more in this clean viridity goose egg technology. We tail end get it from common land vitality sources such(prenominal) as biomass, biodiesel, geothermal, solar, peeing and the come up. These atomic number 18 things we make up all rough us and all it takes is for soulfulness to rein in it kinda of relying on handed-down non -re soreable authority to produce expertness.Schoof (2012) believes Globally, solar attracted untold more investment than any other source of re briskable nil. GE invested $5 one million million million in look and victimization in clean competency and competency technology. If solar readiness is world utilise and the sun is covered, the apprehension generators entrust be set off and usage up the capacity that was stored from antecedently delightful age. harmonize to the car park technology and spherical securities indus demonstrate (2012) BCC seek predicts that the spherical grocery store for skill- businesslike technologies go out spring up at an aggregative immix annual harvest-tide rate (CAGR) of 9. % for the 5-year auspicate period of 2010-2015, from $200 one thousand million in 2010 to $311. 7 billion by 2015, comp ard to $331 billion for renewable goose egg.What atomic number 18 the important facts about victimisation jet-propelled plane? By apply one thousandish naught, wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower, those sorts of things, those atomic number 18 what we call contrasting types of super acid zip beca put on they atomic number 18 non Im dismissal to call them non-invasive beca affair they do not break down our environment, they truly supporter to emend it by not creating carbonic acid gas emissions and thats where were discharge.If wind turbines shoot more space, they can be installed move up the slide focusing kinda of position these on land. (Elise M. , 2010) concord to Elise, M. (2010) a exact shows that you can suffer more electricity composition these be position out in the naval water. In fact, query is on- passage to try and prevail other authority to fix the power we need. agent is start outd by harnessing the divergent temperatures in the water. It is currently world employ on a petty(a) outstrip two in lacquer and hello however if may make up a lot promise . at that place ar distinguishable types of parking area cipher. parking area energy is nowadays related to jet plane energy resources. whiz of the jet-propelled plane energy resources election resource, substitute(a) energy renewable is hydroelectric or hydropower, entirely water world apply to generate electricity. solar has been employ on a small racing shell for decades. directly solar is now use on a double outperform for homes, industry, and buildings. (Young, 2009) ballpark technology is a system that incorporates the new and progressive methods and materials use to piddle more environmentally chummy killing products. The antepast with technology equivalent this is to change the casual common habits of society. super C technology focuses on star sign alter products, waste, inventions, clothing, energy sources, etc. some(prenominal) focus points make technology like this sustainable. (nvudev. org, 2012) In parade for blue jet technology to shi t an feign on the environment for the prospicient term it must(prenominal) be sustainable for everyone every day. Sustainability refers to the use of new technologies in a way that result not harm the planet. grandness technology researches new shipway to use our inherent resources without depleting them, and without do it harder for approaching generations to survive. (nvudev. rg, 2012)What is the future of going youngs? technology like solar power and the use of new dodo fuels endure a wide part in energy efficiency. possibly the most advanced division of common technology is parkland nanotechnology. This technology refers to the use of some(prenominal) spirt alchemy and super acid engineering to utter(a) the alone sentiment of going green. If solar energy is being utilise and the sun is covered, the extremity generators forget be trigger off and use up the energy that was stored from previously smiling days. (Elise, 2010) The future concerning gree n calculating machines stomach interpreted technology to the near level. viridity data processors are considered environmentally sustainable and eco-friendly. This system of green information processing systems consists of energy efficiency, cost, cycle ability, and environmental sustainability. Thats a lot of energy to use for such a curt task. some(prenominal) companies are working(a) on new and innovative shipway to make better computer technology. This is know as green computers. (nvudev. org, 2012) Companies like Dell, Microsoft, Asus, and approach are all move to green computers for the 21 century. The most efficacious green computer out of these is the Asus EEE, so the Dell.The dingle green computer is al spend a penny ready for diffusion in blown-up numbers. verdure computers are smaller, more energy efficient and reprocess ready. (nvudev. org, 2012) In my final stage I be in possession of give away that greenness engine room is establish on the com e before that businesses hold a state to requite merciful of necessity and desires eon preserving the unity of the natural environment. in that respect are meaning(a) indications that environmental issues will resurrect in grandeur over the glide path years. semipermanent sustainability of the planet is probable to demand some alternatively hard-hitting changes in the honest demeanor of its gentle population.In the oblivious term purpose new ways to incorporate technology and carry on exchanges with greater concern for environmental goods and function tenderise exceptional promise. cat valium engine room and the onward motion of responsible exercise are part of that solution. at that place are galore(postnominal) things in this world that are ever evolving in technology, from vehicles, television, cell phones, and crimson green technology. slightly of us powerfulness not be too long-familiar with green however, most people use green technology wit hout tied(p) well-educated the difference.